Difference Between Samapatti and Samadhi in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras

Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras systematically explores the path of self-realization through meditative practices, introducing concepts such as samapatti and samadhi. Although these terms are interconnected and often appear in discussions about advanced states of meditation, they are distinct in their meanings and implications. Understanding the difference between samapatti and samadhi is crucial for grasping the progression of meditation in Patanjali’s framework.

This article delves into the definitions, characteristics, and distinctions between samapatti (cognitive alignment or absorption) and samadhi (complete meditative absorption), while highlighting their roles in yoga philosophy and practice.

1. Introduction

Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outlines a step-by-step path for achieving spiritual liberation (kaivalya). Two significant milestones on this path are samapatti and samadhi, which are often mentioned in the context of meditative absorption. While samapatti refers to a state of cognitive alignment where the mind merges with the object of meditation, samadhi represents deeper meditative absorption and unification of the self with ultimate reality. Distinguishing between these states provides clarity in understanding Patanjali’s meditative system.

2. Definition of Samapatti

2.1 Etymology and Meaning

The term samapatti is derived from:

Sama: Equanimity or balance.
Patti: Attainment or acquisition.

In the context of the Yoga Sutras, samapatti refers to the alignment or merging of the mind with the object of meditation, where the practitioner perceives the object without distortion or interference from mental fluctuations (vrittis).

2.2 Characteristics and Stages of Samapatti

Cognitive Alignment:
- The mind becomes like a clear, undisturbed mirror, reflecting the essence of the object of meditation.
Stages of Refinement:
- Savikalpa Samapatti: Involves awareness of distinctions and qualities of the object.
- Nirvikalpa Samapatti: Transcends distinctions, where the essence of the object alone remains.

Vyasa’s commentary on samapatti explains it as the preparatory state where the practitioner eliminates distortions caused by ego (ahamkara) and identifies purely with the meditative object.

3. Definition of Samadhi

3.1 Etymology and Meaning

The term samadhi is derived from:

Sam: Together or complete.
Adhi: To hold or support.

Samadhi is the state of meditative absorption where the mind ceases to fluctuate, allowing the practitioner to transcend all dualities and perceive the true self (Purusha). It is the eighth and final limb of Patanjali’s Ashtanga Yoga.

3.2 Characteristics and Stages of Samadhi

Stages of Samadhi:
- Samprajnata Samadhi:
  - Involves cognitive awareness and engagement with an object.
  - Includes stages like vitarka (deliberation), vichara (reflection), ananda (bliss), and asmita (pure I-ness).
- Asamprajnata Samadhi:
  - Transcends all objects and cognitive awareness, leading to pure consciousness.
Types of Samadhi:
- Sabija Samadhi (with seed): Meditation rooted in an object or impression.
- Nirbija Samadhi (seedless): Meditation free from all impressions or seeds of thought.

4. Key Differences Between Samapatti and Samadhi

4.1 Conceptual Distinctions

Samapatti:
- A state of cognitive alignment where the mind aligns perfectly with the object of meditation.
- The practitioner perceives the object’s essence without interference.
- A transitional state in meditative practice.
Samadhi:
- A deeper state of absorption where the practitioner transcends mental activity and duality.
- Leads to the realization of the true self (Purusha).
- The culmination of meditative practice in Patanjali’s framework.

4.2 Practical and Experiential Differences

Focus:
- In samapatti, the focus is on merging with the meditative object.
- In samadhi, the focus shifts to pure awareness, eventually dissolving even the awareness of the object.
Mental Activity:
- Samapatti involves refined mental engagement and alignment.
- Samadhi transcends mental engagement entirely.

5. Relationship Between Samapatti and Samadhi

5.1 Samapatti as a Precursor to Samadhi

Samapatti prepares the practitioner for samadhi by stabilizing the mind and eliminating distortions caused by ego and sensory inputs.
It refines the cognitive process, enabling deeper meditative absorption.

5.2 Integration in Meditative Progression

Samapatti occurs within the stages of samprajnata samadhi, particularly in vitarka and vichara stages.
The culmination of samapatti leads to nirvikalpa samadhi and eventually to nirbija samadhi.

6. Practical Applications and Relevance

6.1 Techniques for Cultivating Samapatti and Samadhi

Samapatti:
- Focus on a chosen object, such as a mantra, deity, or concept.
- Regular practice of concentration (dharana) and meditation (dhyana).
Samadhi:
- Gradual detachment from the object of meditation through consistent practice (abhyasa) and non-attachment (vairagya).

6.2 Benefits in Modern Meditation Practices

Samapatti enhances cognitive focus and clarity, making it relevant for mindfulness and contemplative practices.
Samadhi offers tools for transcending ego-driven behaviors and achieving inner peace and spiritual fulfillment.

7. Conclusion

Samapatti and samadhi represent interconnected stages in Patanjali’s meditative framework. While samapatti focuses on cognitive alignment with the object of meditation, samadhi transcends mental engagement, leading to the realization of pure consciousness. Understanding their distinctions and progression highlights the depth of Patanjali’s teachings, offering timeless guidance for spiritual growth and self-realization.

8. References

Iyengar, B.K.S. Light on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Satchidananda, Swami. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: Commentary on the Raja Yoga Sutras.
Desikachar, T.K.V. The Heart of Yoga: Developing a Personal Practice.
Mohan, A.G. Yoga for Body, Breath, and Mind.
Vyasa’s Commentary on the Yoga Sutras.

Difference Between Samapatti and Samadhi in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras